After reviewing the scarcity theory over the
last couple of weeks I think it's safe to say that my beliefs about it has
changed. If you had asked me two weeks ago about whether or not I thought
scarcity causes conflict I would have said, wholeheartedly, that it does not
cause conflict. My understanding was that there are simply too many
factors involved to deem scarcity as the main culprit. Instead, I thought that
scarcity created competition and competition could lead to conflict. In my
International Development and Conflict Management class one of our assignments
was to do some research on a current conflict, domestic or international. I
chose to research the conflict in Zimbabwe. This is what changed my mind about
the scarcity theory. Now, I believe that there is sometimes a possibility that
scarcity could create conflict. Likewise, scarcity can lead to the creation of
different factors that could indirectly cause conflict. Whether or not it
creates conflict is highly dependent on the nature of the situation. Also,
Scarcity can be a national security problem.
In 1979, there was guerrilla warfare in
Zimbabwe, which finally led to the country’s independence. In the year 2000,
a major conflict intensified within the country. This was also around the
time of elections. The state security forces were committing violent acts
against thousands of civilians, who opposed President Mugabe. To go along with
the violent transgression that was occurring, Mugabe put in place several
national policies, which caused the country to plunge into severe economic
depression. President Mugabe encouraged the bloody takeover of large commercial
white owned farms. This was a part of his campaign to redistribute the land to
previously disenfranchised blacks, at the time of colonization. The campaign
led to a huge decrease in the amount of commercial farms, from 4500 to 250.
This further plunged the country into economic distress, causing a larger
increase in the scarcity issue.
When the farm owners challenged to confiscate
what was taken from them, President Mugabe would speak to the justification of
the riots by the laws that he put in place. Shortly after, the president began
to actually put in a deadline for the farm owners. They had to decide between
either risking jail sentence or fleeing the land that they farmed on for
generations. If the farm owners failed to leave they would face huge fines
along with their jail sentence. In the media, the government failed to comment
on the issue. The only comment that was made was that the land seizure were
meant to correct the wrongs of the British colonization that occurred hundreds
of years ago. Colonizers took over 70% of the land and the native people want
their land back. Up to this day, Zimbabwe has been stricken with poverty and violence.
In Zimbabwe, farm land is not distributed
evenly. Everyone does not have enough land to survive on. The average citizen
does not freely have access to arable land to grow their foods. This scarcity
led to the bloody riots and the attempts to illegally recapture land that
British colonizers took. The issue in Zimbabwe is an excellent example of how
scarcity leads to conflict, especially when the government is not taking an
active role in maintaining peace and order. In my previous post, I spoke about
my home country as an example of how scarcity leads to competition and how that
competition then leads to conflict. I was very stock in my beliefs that there
was an indirect correlation between scarcity and conflict, competition being
the intermediate variable. However, After recently studying the issue in
Zimbabwe, I concluded that whether or not scarcity leads to conflict is highly
dependent on the nature of the situation. I takes an individual evaluation of
each conflict to figure out what the causing factors are.